Different Types of Families in India

Types of Families in India

Families in India may be viewed from different view-point and the classifications obtained thereby are indeed varied in nature. We are to examine the types of Family from different angles:

From the Point of Structure:

From this viewpoint, we can divide into three basic types.

• Simple Family
• Elementary Family
• Nuclear Family

It is composed of the members a man, his wife and unmarried children. It is most conspicuous in the modern European and Indian Societies as well among the tribal societies like the Lodha, the Santal and the Oraon.

Joint Family

If two or more nuclear families live together under a common shelter and share a common hearth, and a common purse, then this type of family is known as Joint Family. The Hindu joint family is the best example of such type of family in which several uterine brothers live together. In Santal, Munda, Oraon societies such type of family is not uncommon. Joint Family may split up into simple families at any moment as in the case of urban societies.

Extended Family

When the nuclear family is found family is found to be extended on all sides by certain adhesions in the form of relatives of both sides i.e. husband's and wife's sides, then it can be declared as an extended family. In most of the patrilineal societies of India, we do find such type of family in which the parents of the ego, his widowed sister with her children and even the old widowed father's sister may live. These persons are original of some other nuclear families but due to some adverse circumstances; they forced to live in the ego's family. It is interesting to note that these adhesions cannot leave this family so easily. In modern and tribal societies such a type os family is seldom met with.

From the Point of Blood Relation

In view of the blood relationship, the family may be classified into two types:

• Family Orientation 

It is the family in which one is born. His identity in this family is a son, the father's family of the Hindus and the Muslims of India.

• Family of Procreation 

The family which one helps to set up after one's marriage. His affiliation with this family will be as a father.

From the Point of Marriage

On the basis of marriage, the family can be classified into three types:

• Monogamous Family

This type grows out of monogamy i.e. single marriage involving two adults of opposite sexes. It is the common type of family found among the advanced and tribal societies of India.

• Polygynous Family

The family which grows around polygene i.e. multiple marriages on the part of a man. In former days, the Hindu Zamindars and the Muslim Sultans had such type of family. Multiple marriages were then the symbol of prestige and high social status in some specific societies. The 'Kulin' Brahmin and Kayasthas have such familial affiliations.

• Polyandrous Family

The family which grows out of polyandry i.e. multiple marriages on the part a woman as found among the Todas of Nilgiri hills of South India. The disparity in numerical strength between the male and female had led them to go for such marriage owing to the cruel custom of female infanticide practices earlier. When the husbands are related as brothers, and if they remain in the same family then it can be termed as Fraternal Polyandrous Family. Non-Related husbands with their wife or wives fro the non-fraternal polyandrous family.

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Brief note on Tribal Handicrafts

Tribal Handicrafts

Many subsidiary occupations like handicrafts are undertaken in the various zones. These include basket making, spinning and weaving.

The Maria Gond distils spirit from forest produce.

Functional classes among the Saora, the Kond and the Gond devote themselves to cow

-herding, metalworking, weaving; can working, pottery and so on.

The Korwa and the Agaria are well-known iron-smelters, producing tools for local use only, and their techniques being very crude.

The Ghasi made gut from the fibrous tissues of animals.

The Tharu depend upon farming, manufacture of furniture, household utensils, basket, musical instruments, weapons, rope and mats.

The Madras Irula also makes bamboo mats and baskets, and ploughshares and wheels for local use.

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Debit Cards and Credit Cards

Debit Cards and Credit Cards

Debit Cards

It is a plastic payment card which can be used for instant cash and instead of cash when making purchasing. The money debt directly from the user's bank account when performing a transaction.

Credit Cards

Credit Cards are the most popular financial product of modern times. The introduction of plastic money has completely changed the methods of payment.

Debit and Credit Cards look similar. Both are plastic cards that enable you to make payments. You can use it online or in store.

However, whilst with a debit card you pay immediately from your own bank account, but with a credit card, you pay using money that the credit card company or bank has loaned you and then pay the company or bank back later.

Though they may look very similar they are different in several key ways. The major differences between Debit and Credit cards are given below:

1- Different Etymologies

'Debit' comes from the Latin for 'to owe'. 'Credit' comes from the Latin for 'to believe'.

2- Payment from your money vs Payment on Credit

Debit Cards make payments using the money you actually have in your account. Credit Cards make payments from money that has been loaned to you by a bank or Credit Company.

3- Different Interest Rates

Credit Cards usually have higher interest rates than debit cards. You may pay interest on a debit card if your money is coming from your overdraft. otherwise, you will not usually pay interest on payments.

4- Different charges involved 

With a debit card, you can withdraw more than your bank balance if you are given overdraft facility. In that, you may be charged for going over your overdraft. However, with a credit card, you can be charged for exceeding your credit limit. In addition, there are penal charges involved in using a credit card; if you are late in paying your credit card bill, you will have to pay additional money.

5- Usefulness

Credit and Debit Cards are useful in different ways. Credit Cards can be good for getting you out of a sticky situation - for instance, if you are hit by a bill before payday.Debit Cards are useful making everyday payments without fear of higher interest rates.

6- Repayment 

When you pay with a Credit Card, you need to repay the bank or Credit Company on a future date. This is not the case with a debt - you have paid with your own money.

7- Limits on Spending

With a Debit Card, the limit on how much you can spend is usually however much money is in your account (including any overdraft facilities). With a Credit Card, the limit will be set by the by the Credit Company according to the condition of the user.

8-Credit Rating

Overspending on your Credit Card or missing repayments can harm your credit rating or credit score. Overspending on your debit card may incur charges if you go over your overdraft limit but it does not usually harm your credit rating.

Conclusion

A Credit Card may seem attractive, but it is important to bear in mind factors like payment fees and higher interest rates.

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Benefits of Laughter and Smiling

Laughter and Smiling

Laughter and Smiling are similar, but not identical, phenomena. They both involve the movement of the mouth. Specifically, the corners of the mouth turn up and it often opens partially or completely. Laughter also engages the vocal chords and breath.

It is said, moreover, that a true laugh or a true smile also involve the eyes. When people are said to smile with their mouth but not their eyes, this is a shorthand way of saying that their smile was not genuine.

However, smiling and laughter is more than just physical movements, they are also associated with emotional affects, too.

Smiling and laughter are linked to feelings of happiness, exhilaration, good humour and so on.

10 Health Benefits of Laughter and Smiling

We tend to think of laughter and smiling as arising from feeling well and happy. But, did you know that laughter and smiling can also cause wellbeing? Below are just 10 of the many health benefits of laughter and smiling.

1- Releasing Endorphins

A smile or a laugh releases endorphins. These are the hormones that help us to feel carefree and happy. They are also released by exercise.

2- Decreasing Cortisol

Cortisol is often referred to as the stress hormone. This is because, when it is released at high levels we feel stressed. Laughter and smiles decrease cortisol levels - and thus decreases our stress levels too.

3- Cardiovascular Health 

Laughter stimulates the blood vessels and the heart, promoting good cardiovascular health.

4- Respiratory Health

Laughter encourages us to take deep breaths which is great for our wellbeing.

5- Positive Thoughts

Positive thinking can recover better and more quickly from illness, scientific studies have shown. Try smiling or laughing now - Your thoughts will instantly become a little more uplifted and positive. 

6- Good Posture

Taking a deep breath and smiling or laughing can help to correct our posture and thus avoid strain in the spinal or dorsal (back) areas of our body.

7- Perspective

Taking time out from a stressful situation to laugh or smile can give us see a new perspective on that situation. We might learn to laugh at our problems, or perhaps just to see that they were not so bad as we thought. Here, the laugh or smile enables us to take a much-needed step back.

8- Helping Others

Smiles, laughs and yawns are all infections: If we see someone else smile or laugh, we want to do so too. So, smiling and laughing to visibly show our feelings helps to spread positivity around the community and benefit the health and wellbeing of other people us as well.

9- Clearing the airways 

Some people find that laughing hard helps to clear the airways in their nose and throat, reducing congestion and helping them to breathe better.

10- Digestive Health

A particularly deep laugh is sometimes called a Belly Laugh, and this can be related to the way in which laughter relaxes and soothes our whole body right down to the belly.

Conclusion

We all have plenty to smile about if we just sit and think about it for a while.

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25 Reasons Why Marketing is Important

25 Reasons Why Marketing is Important

Marketing

Marketing Refers to selling or distributing of goods and services to your clients or other businesses. Marketing offers an invaluable avenue for many business enterprises to put their goods or services out in the market where people can buy them. There are many ways a company can market its goods. Marketing can be done online or offline.

Why is it so Important? The following 25 reasons will help you know:

1- To distribute goods/services

 Marketing helps companies/individuals put their goods or services out in the market where clients can know about it.

2- To widen your Market

Marketing Techniques ensure that many people are aware of a certain product hence, widening its market.

3- To establish new Links

While marketing goods, new individual meet and exchange idea resulting in the creation of new business links.

4- To win the trust 

When goods are everywhere in the market, people can use them frequently which means, people will trust such goods more than those that are not advertised.

5- To become dominant

Exceptional marketing skills can make a product likeable hence dominating its niche.

6- To increase sells 

Marketing ensures many products are poured into the market for resulting to mass sales.

7- To get the word out 

Marketing makes people aware that a particular product is available in the market for purchasing.

8- To promote the company name

Marketing puts the company name out there for clients to recognize it.

9- Healthy Competition

Even though marketing methods differ, in its basics, marketing levels the advertising field enabling all companies to put their goods on the market.

10- To learn your metrics

Marketing helps companies understand their metrics to make their marketing campaigns profitable.

11- To build a social asset

Marketing helps companies come up with a list of potential clients they can sell their goods to when the time comes.

12- Helps you learn about your market

Marketing enables companies to know where most their clients are based.

13-Opens avenues for a marketer to learn

Marketers learn the valuable skill to become more dynamic advertisers for the good of their companies.

14- You will know what works 

Marketing helps business owners know what clients like and dislikes.

15- Yout"ll learn how to optimize 

Marketing helps companies be able to test and optimize their marketing tactics to reach a wider audience. This involves coming up with catchy titles.

16- Helps in building a powerful brand

Marketing makes your product a powerful brand since very many people has to it.

17- Amplifies what you do 

Frequent marketing makes people aware of what you do and you'll no longer need to explain to people every other day.

18- Creates more jobs

Marketing creates job opportunities for marketers and advertising agencies enabling them to render their services for income.

19- Keeps one informed 

Whenever changes occur in the market, you will able to know quite early make necessary adjustments.

20- Keeps you in the game

Marketing of your goods enables you to put up a successful competition with others preventing your business from collapsing.

21-Fosters Unity

Marketing involves human interaction which promotes peaceful coexistence among business individuals.

22- Promotes National Development

While marketing, there are some charges, commissions or taxes involved that the country relies on for development.

23-Prevents deterioration of goods 

Marketing ensures many products are sold out, and this means, very few products will go bad.

24- Sharpens Brains

Marketing needs one to be dynamic where competition is stiff. This leads to marketers thinking beyond the obvious to succeed.

25- Improves Efficiency

Marketing helps Companies to do away with errors prevalent in the goods.

Currently, there are very many goods and services out there. Without marketing your products, a very minimal percentage of people will buy them.

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Demonetization in India

Paragraph on Demonetization in India

Overview

The Indian government has long struggled with the issue of the fake currency and black money. In 1946 and in 1978, the respective Indian governments turned to demonetization as the long-term solution to the problem. The same historical event would take place in India in 2016.

The Process of Demonetization in India

On November 8^th, 2016, India’s prime minister Mr Narendra Modi made the announcement of demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupees notes. Thus, the government announced that both the Rs. 1000 and Rs. 500 would not serve as legal tender.

Thus, the cash in circulation was to be replaced by other forms replaced by other forms of cash ( digital forms). This caused a rush to banks.

• ·       The old 500 and 1000 rupee notes were to be deposited with the bank within 31^st December 2016. This meant that money, in the form of old 500 and 1000 rupee notes, were to become useless post 31^st December 2016.
• ·  The cancelled notes were to be deposited with the bank and/or replaced with new 500 and 2000 rupees notes.
• ·      New types of notes which are the same currency were introduced in the market.
• ·       The challenges had been the slow circulation of the new currency.
• ·      Most of the banks didn’t have enough new currencies. Even today, this challenge is still there and is expected to continue for a certain period of time.
• ·   At ATMs, there was some daily cash withdrawal limit. In addition, there was a weekly withdrawal limit as well (for example rupees 24000 per week).
• ·  In Business world, there has been a cash crunch since not many customers had access to a large amount of the new currencies. 

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Meaning of Demonetization

What is the meaning of Demonetization?

Demonetization refers to an economic policy where a certain currency unit ceases to be recognized or used as a form of legal tender. In other words, a currency unit still loses its legal tender status as a new one comes into circulation.

The government can take such decisions to stop the circulation of a denomination of notes or coin in the economy.

The currency unit that has been demonetized is withdrawn from circulation. During the implementation of this policy, the currency unit that has lost its status as a legal tender is deposited with the banks or other authorized financial institutions and replaced with units that still have legal tender status.

The Government from time to time formulates fiscal policies that are meant to spur economic growth. A lot of black money circulates in the economy, and most of it is unaccounted for because the sources of income are not known to the government. It can be money generated through illegal trade or unauthorized funding. To mop up this money out of circulation, the government can demonetize so that the money holders are forced to deposit the cash with the banks or lose their wealth. It is a strategy that has worked quite well for some countries.

Demonetization can also be referred to as the process of moving people from a cash-based system to cashless system (Digital System).

Keeping Hard cash is a practice that is not encouraged by the government as well as financial institutions. It is easy for people to evade taxes in an economy where people mostly deal with cash. Keeping cash out of the bank also erodes the deposit base of these financial institutions and drives the cost of credits through the roof. It means that the government has to opt for foreign sources to secure funding and in the process increase the national debt. The economic impacts of which are many and severe. Moving people to a cashless system is, therefore, a favourable economic policy for many stakeholders.

To demonetize in its simplest definition is thus to do away with cash. In a market environment that is mainly defined by technology and efficiency, it is every government’s desire to have a huge section of the population embracing electronic and mobile payment methods.

These are several economic as well as social impacts of demonetization. It can reduce inflation, improve the economy, and result in financial behaviour change among citizens. However, if not managed well, it may cause a lot of economic hardships to the people. How the process is managed immensely determines its effects on the economy of a country.

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Terrorism

Terrorism

Terrorism is just a word in English, but it is a hazard for mankind. India faces the problems of poverty, population, hunger and literacy. But the spread of terrorism is the most frightening of all. Be it in the small countries like Ireland and Israel, or in the big ones like Russia and USA, terrorism has become the main challenge to most of the governments today.

Terrorism has been described as 'the use of international violence by group or individuals to achieve political goals', by the experts in U.S.A. In simple words, it is the spread of terror. It has to be remembered that if destruction of people is taken on the behalf of an established government against another country, then it is known as war, not planned to spread pressure, panic and destruction in a population.

Terrorism is not unthinking violence. Terrorist are very specific for what they want. Terrorist poses the greatest threats to mankind. They know no friends and recognize no rules. Although Explosions and stray shooting are terrorist acts. Previously it was assumed that terrorism in India would be limited to Kashmir only. But this belief has been proved baseless as terrorism has nearly spread all over India. There are many types of terrorist groups depending on what their objectives are.

Terrorism is usually of two kinds: Political Terrorism which creates panic on large scale and criminal terrorism which deals in kidnapping to take ransom. Political terrorism is much more dangerous than criminal terrorism as they are well trained and it's become difficult for law enforcing agencies to arrest them in time. For example- Hundreds of terrorist are being trained at the Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK). And in Punjab, there is no doubt that the terrorist is receiving training and weapons from Pakistan. Assam has been the most unstable state in the last few decades. Assam remains the only state in the northeast where the terrorist is a major issue. Terrorism is also spread at the national level. But the regional Terrorism is the most violent of all. This is because the terrorism thinks that dying in a terrorist act is sacred and holy, so they are willing to do anything. All the terrorist groups are made with different purposes.

Terrorism is a worldwide problem. By now, the governments throughout the world are realizing that terrorism is a serious threat to deal with. They believe in the power of bomb and guns over dialogue. Terrorist acts are well panned. Every terrorist act usually takes days and even months of preparation. Terrorist are usually young, but the brain behind them are old, seasoned politicians. Terrorist mostly recruits younger people in their group as it is easy to brainwash them. Freedom is the right to every individual. Our freedom is taken from us when terrorism strikes.

In the recent years, the most powerful country, the USA was shocked when Afghanistan-based based terrorist organisation attacked on it. On September 21, 2011, a disaster took place in the New York City when two hijacked planes were flown straight into the World Trade Centre. 6000 People were killed. The bombing of the World Trade Centre is one of the most deadly terrorist episodes in the world. This violent act of terrorism was masterminded by AL-Qaida leader Osama Bin Laden.

One of the deadliest terrorist attacks in India was the 1993 Bombay Bombings, It was a series of thirteen bombs that took place in Mumbai. The attacks were the most destructive bomb expoliosons in the history of India. It is believed that the Explosions were in the coordinate of Dawood Ibrahim, the leader of a terrorist group which stood in opposition of India.

It takes months and sometimes years for the government to demolish a terrorist group. The saddest thing is that India not only faces terrorism from outside but also from within. In many cases, the leader of a terrorist group was once in favour of that country.

Terrorism has become a global threat and needs to be controlled from the grass root level to the international level. it is also called that 'One person's terrorist, another person's freedom fighter'. The world has to unite in order to face this gowning threat of terrorism. Let us hope that the worlds would be free from this hazard very soon/. Without terrorism, the world becomes better place to live in.

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Short Paragraph on Electricity and Conservation of Energy

ELECTRICITY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Electricity is produced from coal, water or air. Electrical Energy is perhaps the most useful form of energy. In our daily life, we cam=n see a large number of appliances operated by electricity.

Uses

Following are the uses of Electricity:

1- Electrical Energy is used to produce heat, as in a heater or an electric kettle or in an immersion heater. It is used to produce light, as in a bulb or a tube light.2- It is used to produced sound, as in a call bell or blowing horn in a motorcar or operating the siren in a mill or factory.3- It is used for operating pump sets in bore well, fodder cutting machines and cold storages for string fruits and vegetables.4- Electrical Energy can also produce motion, When you switch on it starts moving.5- Electrical Energy is also used for moving conveyor belts that carry materials from one place to another.6- Radio, Television, Tape Recorders, Refrigerators and Computers are operated by Electricity.

Energy Conservation

To Conserve something means to keep it, rather than use it up. Energy conservation means saving energy. This means, basically, using less energy. Energy comes in various forms - Fossil Fuels and Electrical Energy are Just two examples of Energy.

Importance of Conservation Of Energy

Conserving Energy is important for several Reasons. Below you will see some key reasons for conserving energy.

• Ensuring that there is enough energy in the world for everyone to meet their needs.

• Reducing carbon Emission.

• Reducing Energy Waste.

• Ensuring our energy supplies do run out.

• Staying Energy Efficient.

How to Conserve Energy?

We should all take action right now to conserve energy. We can all do more to conserve energy in our daily lives,
For Example, We can:

• Insulate our homes well, so hot air does not escape and our heating is energy efficient. Turn off appliances such as TVs and AC when we are not using them.

• Take public transport instead of taking the car.

• Take fewer non-essential flights.

• Reuse and Recycle as much as possible.

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How to celebrate Diwali without fire crackers?

How to celebrate Diwali without firecrackers?

Diwali is an ancient festival of lights which since time memorial is full of excitement. It brings the people of all ages together to celebrate the 'victory of lights over darkness', i.e., 'victory of knowledge over ignorance' or velocity of righteousness over evil'.

the bursting of firecrackers is the most widespread way to Diwali. however, in recent times, the crackers have been found to be very harmful to the environment as well as to our health.

To avoid negative consequences of crackers, here is a quick outline of how we can still have a memorable Diwali without firecrackers.

1-Decorate Your Home

When Diwali is just around the corner, act as an interior designer and decorate your house with candles, diyas, flower and lights. This will bring the same feeling of bursting crackers if you never knew!

2-Meet Old Friends and Relive the Memories

Instead of running and bursting crackers in the streets this Diwali spares some quality time and have a family reunion.

3-Lighting up your home

String fairy lights along the walls indoors and outdoors put lanterns in your windows, light candles and let those house lights shine brightly to welcome your neighbours.

4-Organize Cultural Events

Make this Diwali something to remember by organizing a dancing competition or something of the sort. This shall keep you busy all day long while you enjoy the moment.

5-Make Rangoli

Keep yourself busy by making rangolis. In the ancient days, rangolis were used to feed the birds and we can try to relive these golden times. You can do this by using rice and pulses and do the fine finish by using flowers such as roses.

6-Make, Eat and Distribute Sweets

Spend more time in enjoying the other traditions of this savouring the food delicacies.

7-Meet Family and Friends

Spend this Diwali by getting together with your near and dear ones and refrain from purchasing firecrackers completely.

8-Shop for everything else but firecrackers 

New clothes and presents for your love should be the priority in your shopping list and not firecrackers.

Conclusions

These alternatives ideas will help you to enjoy Diwali in a way you are complete with. 

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